Mr Alfred Nutt says in Ossian and the Ossianic Literature, No. 3 of his excellent series of sixpenny pamphlets, Popular Studies in Mythology, Romance, and Folklore:—

"The body of Gaelic literature connected with the name of Ossian is of very considerable extent and of respectable antiquity. The oldest texts, prose for the most part, but also in verse, are preserved in Irish MSS. of the eleventh and twelfth centuries, and go back to a period from one hundred and fifty to two hundred and fifty years older at least. The bulk of Ossianic literature is, however, of later date as far as the form under which it has come down to us is concerned. A number of important texts, prose for the most part, are preserved in MSS. of the fourteenth century, but were probably redacted in the thirteenth and twelfth centuries. But by far the largest mass consists of narrative poems, as a rule dramatic in structure. These have come down to us in MSS. written in Scotland from the end of the fifteenth to the middle of the seventeenth century, in Ireland from the sixteenth down to the middle of the nineteenth century. The Gaelic-speaking peasantry, alike in Ireland and Scotland, have preserved orally a large number of these ballads, as also a great mass of prose narratives, the heroes of which are Ossian and his comrades.

"Were all Ossianic texts preserved in MSS. older than the present century to be printed, they would fill some eight to ten thousand octavo pages. The mere bulk of the literature, even if we allow for considerable repetition of incident, arrests attention. If we further recall that for the last five hundred years this body of romance has formed the chief imaginative recreation of Gaeldom, alike in Ireland and Scotland, and that a peasantry unable to read or write has yet preserved it almost entire, its claims to consideration and study will appear manifest."

He then goes on to discuss how far the incidents in the stories can be accepted as they were accepted by Irish historical writers of the eleventh century as authentic history:—

"Fortunately there is little need for me to discuss the credibility or otherwise of the historic records concerning Finn, his family, and his band of warriors. They may be accepted or rejected according to individual bent of mind without really modifying our view of the literature. For when we turn to the romances, whether in prose or verse, we find that, although the history is professedly the same as that of the Annals, firstly, we are transported to a world entirely romantic, in which divine and semi-divine beings, ungainly monsters and giants, play a prominent part, in which men and women change shapes with animals, in which the lives of the heroes are miraculously prolonged—in short, we find ourselves in a land of Faery; secondly, we find that the historic conditions in which the heroes are represented as living do not, for the most part, answer to anything we know or can surmise of the third century. For Finn and his warriors are perpetually on the watch to guard Ireland against the attacks of over-sea raiders, styled Lochlannac by the narrators, and by them undoubtedly thought of as Norsemen. But the latter, as is well known, only came to Ireland at the close of the eighth century, and the heroic period of their invasions extended for about a century, from 825 to 925; to be followed by a period of comparative settlement during the tenth century, until at the opening of the eleventh century the battle of Clontarf, fought by Brian, the great South Irish chieftain, marked the break-up of the separate Teutonic organisations and the absorption of the Teutons into the fabric of Irish life. In these pages then we may disregard the otherwise interesting question of historic credibility in the Ossianic romances: firstly, because they have their being in a land unaffected by fact; secondly, because if they ever did reflect the history of the third century the reflection was distorted in after-times, and a pseudo-history based upon events of the ninth and tenth centuries was substituted for it. What the historian seeks for in legend is far more a picture of the society in which it took rise than a record of the events which it commemorates."

In a later part of the pamphlet Mr Nutt discusses such questions as whether we may look for examples of third-century customs in the stories, what part of the stories first found their way into writing, whether the Oisin and Patrick dialogues were written under the influence of actual Pagan feeling persisting from Pagan times, or whether "a change came over the feeling of Gaeldom during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries," when the Oisin and Patrick dialogues in their present form began to be written. His final summing-up is that "well-nigh the same stories that were told of Finn and his warrior braves by the Gael of the eleventh century are told in well-nigh the same way by his descendant to-day." Mr Nutt does not enquire how long the stories may have been told before the first story was written down. Larminie, however, whose early death was the first great loss of our intellectual movement, pushes them backward for untold ages in the introduction to his West Irish Folk Tales and Romances. He builds up a detailed and careful argument, for which I must refer readers to his book, to prove that the Scottish Highlands and Ireland have received their folk-lore both from "Aryan and Non-Aryan sources," and that in the Highlands there is more non-Aryan influence and more non-Aryan blood than in Ireland. He argues that nothing is more improbable than that all folk-tales are Aryan, as has sometimes been supposed, and sums up as follows:—

"They bear the stamp of the genius of more than one race. The pure and placid but often cold imagination of the Aryan has been at work on some. In others we trace the more picturesque fancy, the fierceness and sensuality, the greater sense of artistic elegance belonging to races whom the Aryan, in spite of his occasional faults of hardness and coarseness, has, on the whole, left behind him. But as the greatest results in the realm of the highest art have always been achieved in the case of certain blends of Aryan with other blood, I should hardly deem it extravagant if it were asserted that in the humbler regions of the folk-tale we might trace the working of the same law. The process which has gone on may in part have been as follows:—Every race which has acquired very definite characteristics must have been for a long time isolated. The Aryans during their period of isolation probably developed many of their folk-germs into their larger myths, owing to the greater constructiveness of their imagination, and thus, in a way, they used up part of their material. Afterwards, when they became blended with other races less advanced, they acquired fresh material to work on. We have in Ireland an instance to hand, of which a brief discussion may help to illustrate the whole race theory.

"The larger Irish legendary literature divides itself into three cycles—the divine, the heroic, the Fenian. Of these three the last is so well-known orally in Scotland that it has been a matter of dispute to which country it really belongs. It belongs, in fact, to both. Here, however, comes in a strange contrast with the other cycles. The first is, so far as I am aware, wholly unknown in Scotland, the second comparatively unknown. What is the explanation? Professor Zimmer not having established his late-historical view as regards Finn, and the general opinion among scholars having tended of recent years towards the mythical view, we want to know why there is so much more community in one case than in the other. Mr O'Grady long since seeing this difficulty, and then believing Finn to be historical, was induced to place the latter in point of time before Cuchulain and his compeers. But this view is of course inadmissible when Finn is seen not to be historical at all. There remains but one explanation. The various bodies of legend in question are, so far as Ireland is concerned, only earlier or later, as they came into the island with the various races to which they belonged. The wider prevalence, then, of the Finn Saga would indicate that it belonged to an early race occupying both Ireland and Scotland. Then entered the Aryan Gael, and for him henceforth, as the ruler of the island, his own gods and heroes were sung by his own bards. His legends became the subject of what I may call the court poetry, the aristocratic literature. When he conquered Scotland, he took with him his own gods and heroes; but in the latter country the bardic system never became established, and hence we find but feeble echoes of the heroic cycle among the mountains of the North. That this is the explanation is shown by what took place in Ireland. Here the heroic cycle has been handed down in remembrance almost solely by the bardic literature. The popular memory retains but few traces of it. Its essentially aristocratic character is shown by the fact that the people have all but forgotten it, if they ever knew it. But the Fenian cycle has not been forgotten. Prevailing everywhere, still cherished by the conquered peoples, it held its ground in Scotland and Ireland alike, forcing its way in the latter country even into the written literature, and so securing a twofold lease of existence ... The Fenian cycle, in a word, is non-Aryan folk-literature partially subjected to Aryan treatment."

The whole problem is extremely complex, and several other writers have written upon it. Mr Borlase, for instance, has argued in his big book on the Dolmens that the cromlechs, and presumably the Diarmuid and Crania legend, is connected with old religious rites of an erotic nature coming down from a very primitive state of society.

I have come to my own conclusion not so much because of any weight of argument, as because I found it impossible to arrange the stories in a coherent form so long as I considered them a part of history. I tried to work on the foundation of the Annalists, and fit the Fianna into a definite historical epoch, but the whole story seemed trivial and incoherent until I began to think of them as almost contemporaneous with the battle of Magh Tuireadh, which even the Annalists put back into mythical ages. In this I have only followed some of the story-tellers, who have made the mother of Lugh of the Long Hand the grandmother of Finn, and given him a shield soaked with the blood of Balor. I cannot think of any of the stories as having had a modern origin, or that the century in which each was written down gives any evidence as to its age. "How Diarmuid got his Love-Spot," for instance, which was taken down only a few years ago from some old man's recitation by Dr Hyde, may well be as old as "Finn and the Phantoms," which is in one of the earliest manuscripts. It seems to me that one cannot choose any definite period either from the vast living mass of folk-lore in the country or from the written text, and that there is as good evidence of Finn being of the blood of the gods as of his being, as some of the people tell me, "the son of an O'Shaughnessy who lived at Kiltartan Cross."

Dr Douglas Hyde, although he placed the Fenian after the Cuchulain cycle in his History of Irish Literature, has allowed me to print this note:—

"While believing in the real objective existence of the Fenians as a body of Janissaries who actually lived, ruled, and hunted in King Cormac's time, I think it equally certain that hundreds of stories, traits, and legends far older and more primitive than any to which they themselves could have given rise, have clustered about them. There is probably as large a bulk of primitive mythology to be found in the Finn legend as in that of the Red Branch itself. The story of the Fenians was a kind of nucleus to which a vast amount of the flotsam and jetsam of a far older period attached itself, and has thus been preserved."

As I found it impossible to give that historical date to the stories, I, while not adding in anything to support my theory, left out such names as those of Cormac and Art, and such more or less historical personages, substituting "the High King." And in the "Battle of the White Strand," I left out the name of Caelur, Tadg's wife, because I had already followed another chronicler in giving him Ethlinn for a wife. In the earlier part I have given back to Angus Og the name of "The Disturber," which had, as I believe, strayed from him to the Saint of the same name.

The following is a list of the authorities I have been chiefly helped by in putting these stories together and in translation of the text. But I cannot make it quite accurate, for I have sometimes transferred a mere phrase, sometimes a whole passage from one story to another, where it seemed to fit better. I have sometimes, in the second part of the book, used stories preserved in the Scottish Gaelic, as will be seen by my references. I am obliged to write these notes away from libraries, and cannot verify them, but I think they are fairly correct.

• THE COMING OF THE TUATHA DE DANAAN, AND LUGH OF THE LONG HAND, AND THE COMING OF THE GAEL.—
  • O'Curry, Manners and Customs of the Ancient Irish;
  • MSS. Materials;
  • Atlantis;
  • De Jubainville, Cycle Mythologique;
  • Hennessy, Chronicum Scotorum;
  • Atkinson, Book of Leinster;
  • Annals of the Four Masters;
  • Nennius, Hist, Brit. (Irish Version);
  • Zimmer, Glossae Hibernacae;
  • Whitley Stokes, Three Irish Glossaries;
  • Revue Celtique and Irische Texte;
  • Gaedelica;
  • Nutt, Voyage of Bran;
  • Proceedings Ossianic Societ;
  • O'Beirne Crowe, Amra Columcille;
  • Dean of Lismore's Book;
  • Windisch, Irische Texte;
  • Hennessy and others in Revue Celtique;
  • Kilkenny Archaeological Journal;
  • Keatinge's History;
  • Ogyia;
  • Curtin's Folk Tales;
  • Proceedings Royal Irish Academy, MSS. Series;
  • Dr Sigerson, Bards of Gael and Gall;
  • Miscellanies, Celtic Society.

BOOK FOUR: THE EVER-LIVING LIVING ONES

I have used many of the above, and for separate stories, I may give these authorities:—

• MIDHIR AND ETAIN.—
  • O'Curry, Manners and Customs;
  • Professor Kuno Meyer in Nutt's Voyage of Bran;
  • Müller, Revue Celtique;
  • Nutt, Voyage of Bran;
  • De Jubainville, Epopée Celtique;
  • Standish Hayes O'Grady, MS. lent me by him.

• MANANNAN AT PLAY.—
  • S. Hayes O'Grady, Silva Gaedelica.

• HIS CALL TO BRAN.—
  • Professor Kuno Meyer in Nutt's Voyage of Bran;
  • S. Hayes O'Grady, Silva Gaedelica;
  • De Jubainville, Cycle Mythologique.

• HIS THREE CALLS TO CORMAC.—
  • Whitley Stokes, Irische Texte.

• CLIODNA'S WAVE.—
  • S. Hayes O'Grady, Silva Gaedelica;
  • Whitley Stokes, Dinnsenchus.

• HIS CALL TO CONNLA.—
  • O'Beirne Crowe, Kilkenny Arch. Journal;
  • Windisch, Irische Texte.

• TADG IN THE ISLANDS.—
  • S. Hayes O'Grady, Silva Gaedelica.

• LAEGAIRE IN THE HAPPY PLAIN.—
  • S.H. O'Grady, Silva Gaedelica; Kuno Meyer in Nutt's Voyage of Bran.

• FATE OF THE CHILDREN OF LIR.—
  • O'Curry, Atlantis.

PART TWO. THE FIANNA

• THE COMING OF FINN, AND FINN'S HOUSEHOLD.—
  • Proceedings Ossianic Society;
  • Kuno Meyer, Four Songs of Summer and Winter;
  • Revue Celtique;
  • S. Hayes O'Grady, Silva Gaedelica;
  • Curtin's Folk Tales.

• BIRTH OF BRAN.—
  • Proc. Ossianic Society.

• OISIN'S MOTHER.—
  • Kennedy, Legendary Fictions Irish Celts;
  • Mac Innis;
  • Leabhar na Feinne.

• BEST MEN OF THE FIANNA.—
  • Dean of Lismore's Book;
  • Silva Gaedelica;
  • Leabhar na Feinne.

• LAD OF THE SKINS.—
  • Waifs and Strays of Celtic Tradition;
  • Larminie's Folk Tales;
  • Curtin's Tales.

• THE HOUND.—
  • Silva Gaedelica;
  • Whitley Stokes, Dinnsenchus.

• RED RIDGE.—
  • Silva Gaedelica.

• BATTLE OF THE WHITE STRAND.—
  • Kuno Meyer, Anec. Oxonienses;
  • Hanmer's Chronicle;
  • Dean of Lismore;
  • Curtin's Tales;
  • Silva Gaedelica.

• KING OF BRITAIN'S SON.—
  • Silva Gaedelica.

• THE CAVE OF CEISCORAN.—
  • Silva Gaedelica.

• DONN, SON OF MIDHIR.—
  • Silva Gaedelica.

• HOSPITALITY OF CUANNA'S HOUSE.—
  • Proc. Ossianic Society.

• CAT-HEADS AND DOG-HEADS.—
  • Dean of Lismore;
  • Leabhar na Feinne;
  • Campbell's Popular Tales of the Western Highlands.

• LOMNA'S HEAD.—
  • O'Curry, Orc. Treith, O'Donovan, ed. Stokes.

• ILBREC OF ESS RUADH.—
  • Silva Gaedelica.

• CAVE OF CRUACHAN.—
  • Stokes, Irische Texts.

• WEDDING AT CEANN SLIEVE.—
  • Proc. Ossianic Society.

• THE SHADOWY ONE.—
  • O'Curry.

• FINN'S MADNESS.—
  • Silva Gaedelica.

• THE RED WOMAN.—
  • Hyde, Sgealuidhe Gaedhealach.

• FINN AND THE PHANTOMS.—
  • Kuno Meyer, Revue Celtique.

• THE PIGS OF ANGUS.—
  • Proc. Ossianic Society.

• HUNT OF SLIEVE CUILINN.—
  • Proc. Ossianic Society.

• OISIN'S CHILDREN.—
  • O'Curry;
  • Leabhar na Feinne;
  • Campbell's Popular Tales of the Western Highlands;
  • Stokes, Irische Texte;
  • Dean of Lismore;
  • Celtic Magazine;
  • Waifs and Strays of Celtic Tradition.

• BIRTH OF DIARMUID.—
  • Pursuit of Diarmuid and Grania (Society for Preservation of the Irish Language);
  • Campbell's Popular Tales.

• HOW DIARMUID GOT HIS LOVE-SPOT.—
  • Hyde, Sgealuidhe Gaedhealach.

• DAUGHTER OF KING UNDER-WAVE.—
  • Campbell's Popular Tales.

• THE HARD SERVANT.—
  • Silva Gaedelica.

• HOUSE OF THE QUICKEN TREES.—
  • MSS. in Royal Irish Academy, and in Dr Hyde's possession.

• DIARMUID AND GRANIA.—
  • Text Published by S. Hayes O'Grady, Proc. Ossianic Society, and re-edited by N. O'Duffey for Society for Preservation of the Irish Language;
  • Kuno Meyer, Revue Celtique, and Four Songs;
  • Leabhar na Feinne;
  • Campbell's Popular Tales;
  • Kilkenny Arch. Journal;
  • Folk Lore, vol. vii., 1896;
  • Dean of Lismore;
  • Nutt, Waifs and Strays of Celtic Tradition.

• CNOC-AN-AIR, ETC.—
  • Proc. Ossianic Society.

• WEARING AWAY OF THE FIANNA.—
  • Silva Gaedelica;
  • Dean of Lismore;
  • Leabhar na Feinne;
  • Campbell's Popular Tales;
  • Proc. Ossianic Society;
  • O'Curry;
  • Waifs and Strays of Celtic Tradition;
  • Stokes, Irische Texte.

• THE END OF THE FIANNA.—
  • Hyde, Sgealuidhe Gaedhealach;
  • Proc. Ossianic Society;
  • Silva Gaedelica;
  • Miss Brooke's Reliques;
  • Annals of the Four Masters;
  • Celtic Magazine.

• OISIN AND PATRICK, AND OISIN'S LAMENTS.—
  • Proc. Ossianic Society;
  • Dean of Lismore;
  • Kilkenny Arch, fournal;
  • Curtin's Tales.

I have taken Grania's sleepy song, and the description of Finn's shield and of Cumhal's treasure-bag, and the fact of Finn's descent from Ethlinn, from Duanaire Finn, now being edited for the Irish Texts Society by Mr John MacNeill, the proofs of which I have been kindly allowed to see. And I have used sometimes parts of stories, or comments on them gathered directly from the people, who have kept these heroes so much in mind. The story of Caoilte coming to the help of the King of Ireland in a dark wood is the only one I have given without either a literary or a folk ancestry. It was heard or read by Mr Yeats, he cannot remember where, but he had, with it in his mind, written of "Caoilte's burning hair" in one of his poems.

I and my readers owe special thanks to those good workers in the discovery of Irish literature, Professor Kuno Meyer and Mr Whitley Stokes, translators of so many manuscripts; and to my friend and kinsman Standish Hayes O'Grady, for what I have taken from that wonderful treasure-house, his Silva Gaedelica.

This is the approximate pronunciation of some of the more difficult names:

• Adhnuall
  • Ai-noo-al.

• Ailbhe
  • Alva.

• Almhuin
  • All-oon, or Alvin.

• Aobh
  • Aev, or Eev.

• Aodh
  • Ae (rhyming to "day").

• Aoibhill
  • Evill.

• Aoife
  • Eefa.

• Badb
  • Bibe.

• Beltaine, or Bealtaine
  • Bal-tinna.

• Bladhma
  • Bly-ma.

• Bodb Dearg
  • Bove Darrig.

• Caoilte
  • Cweeltia.

• Cam Ruidhe
  • Corn Rwee.

• Ciabhan
  • Kee-a-van.

• Cliodna
  • Cleevna.

• Coincheann
  • Kun-Kann.

• Crann Buidhe
  • Cran bwee.

• Credhe
  • Crae-a.

• Cumhal
  • Coo-al.

• Deaghadh
  • D'ya-a.

• Dubhthach
  • Duffach.

• Duibhreann
  • Dhiv-ran.

• Duibhrium
  • Dhiv-rinn.

• Dun
  • Doon.

• Eimher
  • Aevir.

• Emhain
  • Avvin.

• Eochaid
  • Eohee.

• Eoghan
  • Owen.

• Fionnchad
  • Finn-ăch-a.

• Fodhla
  • Fóla.

• Fodla
  • Fola.

• Gallimh
  • Gol-yiv.

• Glas Gaibhnenn
  • Glos Gov-nan.

• Leith Laeig
  • Lĕh Laeg.

• Loch Dairbhreach
  • Loch Darvragh.

• Lugaidh
  • Loo-ee, or Lewy.

• Lugh
  • Loo.

• Magh an Ionganaidh
  • Moy-in-eean-ee.

• Magh Cuillean
  • Moy Cullin.

• Magh Feabhail
  • Moy Fowl.

• Magh Macraimhe
  • Moy Mucrivva.

• Magh Mell
  • Moy Mal.

• Magh Rein
  • Moy Raen.

• Magh Tuireadh
  • Moytirra.

• Manannan
  • Mānănaun.

• Midhe
  • Mee.

• Midhna
  • Mec-na.

• Mochaomhog
  • Mo-cwecv-ōg.

• Muadhan
  • Moo-aun.

• Murchadh
  • Murachu.

• Nemhnain
  • Now-nin.

• Niamh
  • Nee-av.

• Og
  • Ŏg.

• Rath Medba, or Meadhbha
  • Ra Maev-a.

• Rudraighe
  • Rury.

• Samhain
  • Sow-in.

• Scathniamh
  • Scau-nee-av.

• Sceolan
  • Skolaun.

• Searbhan
  • Sharavaun.

• Sidhe
  • Shee.

• Slieve Echtge
  • Sleev Acht-ga.

• Tadg
  • Teig.

• Teamhair
  • T'yower, or Tavvir.

• Tuatha de Danaan
  • Too-ă-hă Donnan.

• Tuathmumhain
  • Too-moon.

I have not followed a fixed rule as to the spelling of Irish names; I have taken the spelling I give from various good authorities, but they vary so much that, complete accuracy not being easy, I sometimes look to custom and convenience. I use, for instance, "Slieve" for "Sliabh," because it comes so often, and a mispronunciation would spoil so many names. I have treated "Inbhir" (a river mouth) in the same way, spelling it "Inver," and even adopting it as an English word, because it is so useful. The forty scholars of the New School of Old Irish will do us good service if they work at the question both of spelling and of pronunciation of the old names and settle them as far as is possible.

• Accuill
  • Achill, Co. Mayo.

• Aine Cliach
  • Cnoc Aine, Co. Limerick.

• Almhuin
  • Near Kildare.

• Ath Cliath
  • Dublin.

• Athluain
  • Athlone.

• Ath na Riogh
  • Athenry.

• Badhamain
  • Cahir, Co. Tipperary.

• Baile Cronin
  • Barony of Imokilty, Co. Cork.

• Banna
  • The Bann.

• Beare
  • Berehaven.

• Bearna na Eadargana
  • Roscommon.

• Bearnas Mor
  • Co. Donegal.

• Beinn Gulbain
  • Benbulban, Co. Sligo.

• Beire do Bhunadas
  • Berehaven.

• Bel-atha Senaig
  • Ballyshannon.

• Belgata
  • In Connemara.

• Benna Boirde
  • Source of the Bann and Mourne Mountains.

• Berramain
  • Near Tralee.

• Bhas
  • River Bush.

• Boinn
  • River Boyne.

• Bri Leith
  • Co. Longford.

• Cairbre
  • Carbury.

• Cairgin
  • Three miles south of Londonderry.

• Carrthach River
  • River Carra, near Dunkerrin Mountains.

• Ceanntaile
  • Kinsale.

• Ceiscorainn
  • Co. Sligo.

• Cill Dolun
  • Killaloe, Co. Clare.

• Cliodna's Wave
  • At Glandore, Co. Cork.

• Cluantarbh
  • Clontarf.

• Cnoc Aine
  • Co. Limerick.

• Cnoc-an-Air
  • Co. Kerry.

• Cnoc na righ
  • Co. Sligo.

• Corca Duibhne
  • Corcaguiny, Co. Kerry.

• Corrslieve
  • Carlow Mountains.

• Crotta Cliach
  • Galtee Mountains.

• Cruachan
  • Co. Roscommon.

• Cruachan Aigle
  • Croagh Patrick.

• Doire a Cairn
  • Derrycarn, Co. Meath.

• Doire-da-Bhoth
  • In Slieve Echtge.

• Druim Cleibh
  • Co. Sligo.

• Druim Lis
  • Near Loch Gill.

• Druimscarha
  • Near River Arighis, Co. Cork.

• Dun Sobairce
  • Dunsevenh, Co. Antrim.

• Durlas
  • Thurles.

• Ess Dara
  • Near Sligo.

• Ess Ruadh
  • Assaroe, Co. Donegal.

• Fidh Gaible
  • Fergill, Co. Sligo.

• Finntraighe
  • Ventry.

• Fionn
  • The Finn.

• Fionnabraic
  • Kilfenna, Co. Clare.

• Fionntutach
  • Co. Limerick.

• Fleisge
  • Co. Kerry.

• Gabhra
  • Near Tara.

• Gaibh atha na Fiann
  • River Leamhar, flows from Killarney.

• Gairech and Ilgairech
  • Hills near Mullingar.

• Gallimh
  • Galway.

• Gleann na Caor
  • Co. Cork.

• Gullach Dollairb
  • Barony of Rathconrath.

• Hill of Bairnech
  • Near Killarney.

• Hill of Uisnech
  • Co. Westmeath.

• Inver Cechmaine
  • East coast of Ulster.

• Inver Colpa
  • Drogheda.

• Inver Slane
  • N.E. of Leinster.

• Irrus Domnann
  • Erris, Co. Mayo.

• Island of Toraig
  • Tory Island, Co. Donegal.

• Laoi
  • River Lee.

• Leith Laoi
  • Leitrim.

• Linn Feic
  • Near Slaney.

• Loch Bel Sead
  • Co. Tipperary.

• Loch Cé
  • Co. Roscommon.

• Loch Dairbhreach
  • Loch Derryvaragh, Co. Westmeath.

• Loch Deirg Dheirc
  • Loch Derg on the Shannon.

• Loch Eirne
  • Loch Erne.

• Loch Feabhail
  • Loch Foyle.

• Loch Lein
  • Killarney.

• Loch Orbson
  • Loch Corrib.

• Loch na-n Ean
  • In Co. Roscommon.

• Lough Neatach
  • Loch Neagh.

• Luimneach
  • Limerick.

• Maev Mhagh
  • Plain about Loughrea.

• Magh Cobha
  • Iveagh, Co. Down.

• Magh Cuilenn
  • Moycullen, Co. Galway.

• Magh Femen
  • Co. Tipperary.

• Magh Larg
  • Co. Roscommon.

• Magh Leine
  • King's County.

• Magh Luirg
  • Co. Roscommon.

• Magh Maini
  • Co. Wexford.

• Magh Mucraimhe
  • Near Athenry.

• Magh Nia
  • Same as Magh Tuireadh.

• Magh Rein
  • Co. Leitrim.

• Magh Tuireadh
  • Moytura near Sligo, scene of great battle, and Moytura, near Cong, scene of first battle.

• March of Finnliath
  • River Lee, near Tralee.

• Midhe
  • Meath, west of Ardagh.

• Mis Geadh
  • In Bay of Erris.

• Muaid
  • River Moy.

• Muc-inis
  • Muckinish, off Connemara.

• Nas
  • Naas.

• Nem
  • The Nem.

• Oenach Clochan
  • Morristown, Co. Limerick.

• Osraige
  • Ossory.

• Paps of Dana
  • Co. Kerry.

• Portlairge
  • Waterford.

• River Maigh
  • Co. Limerick.

• Ros da Shioleach
  • Limerick.

• Ruirlech
  • Liffey.

• Samair
  • R. Cumhair, runs through Bruff.

• Sionnan
  • River Shannon.

• Siuir Beoir and Berba
  • River Suir, Co. Tipperary. Siuir and Suir and Nore and Barrow.

• Slieve Baisne
  • Co. Roscommon.

• Slieve Bladmai
  • Slieve Bloom.

• Slieve Buane
  • Slieve Banne, Co. Roscommon.

• Slieve Conaill
  • Border of Leitrim and Donegal.

• Slieve Crot
  • Co. Tipperary.

• Slieve Cua
  • Co. Waterford.

• Slieve Cua and Slieve Crot
  • In Galtee Mountains.

• Slieve Cuailgne
  • Co. Louth.

• Slieve Echtge
  • Co. Galway.

• Slieve Fuad
  • Co. Armagh.

• Slieve Guaire
  • Co. Cavan.

• Slieve Luchra
  • Co. Kerry.

• Slieve Lugha
  • Co. Mayo.

• Slieve Mis
  • Co. Kerry.

• Slieve Muice
  • Co. Tipperary.

• Slieve-nam-Ban
  • Co. Tipperary

• Sligach
  • Sligo.

• Srub Bruin
  • In West Kerry.

• Sruth na Maoile
  • Mull of Cantire.

• Tailltin
  • Telltown.

• Teamhair
  • Tara, Co. Meath.

• Teunhair Luchra
  • Near Castle Island, Co. Kerry.

• The Beith
  • River Behy, Barony of Dunkerrin.

• The Beoir
  • The Berba.

• The Islands of Mod
  • In Clew Bay.

• The Lemain
  • River Laune, Co. Kerry.

• The Muaidh
  • River Moy, Co. Sligo.

• Tonn Toime
  • Toines, near Killarney.

• Traigh Eothaile
  • Near Ballisodare.

• Tuathmumain
  • Thomond.

• Ui Chonaill Gabhra
  • Co. Limerick.

• Ui Fiachraih, Fiachraig
  • Co. Mayo.

• Wave of Rudraighe
  • Bay of Dundrum.