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1.
(
&
, 4177), “a member of a city or state, or the inhabitant of a country
or district,” Luke 15:15, is used elsewhere in Luke 19:14; Acts 21:39, and, in the most
authentic mss., in Heb. 8:11 (where some texts have
, “a neighbor”). Apart from
Heb. 8:11, the word occurs only in the writings of Luke (himself a Greek).¶
2.
$
(
&
, 4847),
$
, “with,” and No. 1, denotes “a fellow-citizen,”
i.e., possessing the same “citizenship,” Eph. 2:19, used metaphorically in a spiritual
sense.¶
3.
(
&
, 4174) signifies (a) “the relation in which a citizen stands to the
state, the condition of a citizen, citizenship,” Acts 22:28, “with a great sum obtained I this
citizenship” (
KJV
, “freedom”). While Paul’s “citizenship” of Tarsus was not of
advantagre outside that city, yet his Roman “citizenship” availed throughout the Roman
Empire and, besides private rights, included (1) exemption from all degrading
punishments; (2) a right of appeal to the emperor after a sentence; (3) a right to be sent to
Rome for trial before the emperor if charged with a capital offense. Paul’s father might
have obtained “citizenship” (1) by manumission; (2) as a reward of merit; (3) by
purchase; the contrast implied in Acts 22:28 is perhaps against the last mentioned; (b) “a
civil polity, the condition of a state, a commonwealth,” said of Israel, Eph. 2:12. See
COMMONWEALTH
.¶
4.
$
(
&
, 4175) signifies “the condition, or life, of a citizen,
citizenship”; it is said of the heavenly status of believers, Phil. 3:20, “our citizenship
(
KJV
, “conversation”) is in Heaven.” The
RV
marg. gives the alternative meaning,
“commonwealth,” i.e., community. See
COMMONWEALTH
,
FREEDOM
.¶
: &
8 $
, Phil. 1:27, signifies “to be a
” (see No. 1), and is used in the
middle voice, signifying, metaphorically, conduct characteristic of heavenly
“citizenship,”
RV
, “let your manner of life (
KJV
, “conversation”) be worthy (marg.,
“behave as citizens worthily”) of the gospel of Christ.” In Acts 23:1 it is translated “I
have lived.” See
CONVERSATION
,
LIVE
.¶
CITY
(
, 4172), primarily “a town enclosed with a wall” (perhaps from a root
, signifying “fullness,” whence also the Latin
, “to fill,” Eng., “polite, polish,
politic, etc.”), is used also of the heavenly Jerusalem, the abode and community of the
redeemed, Heb. 11:10, 16; 12:22; 13:14. In the Apocalypse it signifies the visible capital
of the heavenly kingdom, as destined to descend to earth in a coming age e.g., Rev. 3:12;
21:2, 14, 19. By metonymy the word stands for the inhabitants, as in the English use, e.g.,
Matt. 8:34; 12:25; 21:10; Mark 1:33; Acts 13:44.
Note:
In Acts 16:13, the most authentic mss. have
$
, “gate,”
RV
, “without the
gate.”
CLAMOR
$
(
$ )
, 2906), an onomatopoeic word, imitating the raven’s cry, akin to
and
$
, “to cry,” denotes “an outcry,” “clamor,” Acts 23:9,
RV
; Eph. 4:31,
where it signifies “the tumult of controversy.” See
CRY
.