A History of the Inquisition In The Middle Ages.
By Henry Charles Lea - 1888

Book 1. Origin And Organization

Preface

Chapter I: The Church

Domination of the Church in the Twelfth Century

Causes of Antagonism with the Laity
Election of Bishops
Simony and Favoritism
Martial Character of Prelates
Difficulty of PunishingOffenders
Prostitution of the Episcopal Office
Abuse of Papal Jurisdiction
Abuse of Episcopal Jurisdiction
Oppressionfrom the Building of Cathedrals
Neglect of Preaching
Abuses of Patronage
Pluralities
Tithes
Sale of the Sacraments
Extortion of PiousLegacies
Quarrels over Burials
Sexual Disorders
Clerical Immunity
The Monastic Orders
The Religion of the Middle Ages
Tendency to Fetishism
Indulgences
Magic Power of Formulas and Relics
Contemporary Opinion

Chapter II: Heresy

Awakening of the Human Intellect int he Twelfth Century

Popular Characteristics
Nature of Heresies
Antisaccrdotal Heresies
Nullity of Sacraments in Polluted Hands Tanchelm
Peculiar Civilization of Southern France
Pierre de Bruys
Henry of Lausanne
Arnaldo of Brescia
Peter Waldo and the Waldenses

Chapter III: The Cathari

Attractions of the Dualistic Theory

Derivation of Catharism from Manichreism
Belief and Organization of the Catharan Church
Missionary Zeal and Thirst for Martyrdom
Not Devil-worshippers
Spread of Catharism from Slavonia
Diffusion throughout Europein the Eleventh Century
Increase in Twelfth Century
Comparative Exemption of Germany and England
Growth in Italy. Efforts of Innocent III
Its Stronghold in Southern France
Its Expected Triumph
Failure of Crusade of 1181
Period of Toleration and Growth

Chapter IV: The Albigensian Crusades

Policy of the Church towards Heresy

Suppression of Heresy in the Nivernais
Translations of Scripture forbidden at Metz
Power of Raymond VI. of Toulouse
Condition of the Church in his Dominions
Innocent II. Undertakes the Suppression of Heresy
The Prelates Refuse their Aid
Arnaud of Citeaux Sent as Chief Legate
Fruitless Effort to Organize a Crusade in 1204
The Bishopof Osmaand St.Dominic Urge Fresh Efforts in 1206
Attempt to Organize a Crusadein 1207
Murder of Pierre de Castelnau, Jan. 16, 1208
Crusade successfully Preached in 1208
Raymond's Efforts to Avert the Storm
His Submission and Penance; Duplicity of Innocent III
Raymond Directs the Crusade against the Vicomte de Beziers
Sack of Beziers. - Surrender of Carcassonne
Pedro of Aragon and Simon de Montfort
De Montford Accepts the Conquered Territories.- His Difficulties
Raymond Attacked.-Deceit Practised by the Church
His Desperate Efforts to Avert a Rupture
First Siegeof Toulouse.-Raymond Gradually Overpowered
Intervention of Pedro of Aragon
Raymond Prejudged.-Trial Denied him
Pedro Declares War.-Battle of Muret,Sept.13,1213
De Montfort's Vicissitudes.-Pious Fraud of the Legate
Raymond Deposed and Replaced by De Montfort
The Lateran Council. -It Decides in De Montfort's Favor
Rising of the People under the Younger Raymond
Second Siege of Toulouse in 1217.-Death of De Montfort
Crusadeof Louis Coeur-de-Lion.-Third Siege of Toulouse
Raymond VII. Recovers his Lands.-Recrudescence of Heresy
Negotiations Opened.-Death of Philip Augustus
Louis VIII. Proposes a Crusade.-Raymond Makes Terms with the Church
Duplicity of Honorius III. - Council of Bourges, Nov. 1225
Louis Organizes the Crusade in 1226
His Conquering Advance.- His Retreat and Death
Desultory War in 1227.- Negotiations in 1228
Treaty of Paris, April, 1229.- Persecution Established

Chapter V: Persecution

Growth of Intolerance in the Early Church

Persecution Commences under Constantine
The Church Adopts the Death-penalty for Heresy
Duty of the Ruler to Suppress Heresy
Decline of Persecuting Spirit under the Barbarians
Hesitation to Punish in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries
Uncertainty as to Form of Punishment
Burning Alive Adopted in the Thirteenth Century
Evasion of Responsibility by the Church
The Temporal Authority Coerced to Persecute
Persecution of the Dead -
Motives Impelling to Persecution
Cruelty of the Middle Ages
Exaggerated Detestation of Heresy
Influence of Asceticism
Conscientious Motives

Chapter VI: The Mendicant Orders

Material for Reform within the Church

Foulques de Neuilly
Durán de Huesca anticipates Dominic and Francis 246
St. Dominic, his Career and Character
His Order founded in 1214.--Its Success
St. Francis of Assisi
His Order Founded.--Injunction of Poverty
He Realizes the Christian Ideal
Extravagant Laudation of Poverty
Influence of the Mendicant Orders
Emotional Character of the Age.--The Pastourcaux.--The Flagellants
The Mendicants Rendered Independent of the Prelates
Their Utility to the Papacy
Antagonism between them and the Secular Clergy
The Battle Fought out in the University of Paris
Victory of the Mendicants.--Unappeasable Hostility
Degeneracy of the Orders
Their Activity as Missionaries
Their Functions as Inquisitors
Inveterate Hostility between the Orders

Chapter VII: The Inquisition Founded

Uncertainty in the Discovery and Punishment of Heretics

Growth of Episcopal Jurisdiction
Procedure in Episcopal Courts.--The Inquisitorial Process
System of Inquests
Efforts to Establish an Episcopal Inquisition
Endeavor to Create a Legatine Inquisition
Fitness of the Mendicant Orders for the Work
Secular Legislation for Suppression of Heresy
Edict of Gregory XI. in 1231.--Secular Inquisition Tried
Tentative Introduction of Papal Inquisitors
Dominicans Invested with Inquisitorial Functions
Episcopal Functions not Superseded
Struggle between Bishops and Inquisitors
Settlement when Inquisition Becomes Permanent
Control Given to Inquisitors in Italy; in France; in Aragon 336
All Opposing Legislation Annulled
All Social Forces Placed at Command of Inquisition
Absence of Supervision and Accountability
Extent of Jurisdiction
Penalty of Impeding the Inquisition
Fruitless Rivalry of the Bishops
Limits of Extension of the Inquisition
The Northern Nations Virtually Exempt
Africa and the East
Vicissitudes of Episcopal Inquisition
Greater Efficiency of the Papal Inquisition
Bernard Gui's Model Inquisitor

Chapter VIII: Organization.

Simplicity of the Inquisition

Inquisitorial Districts.--Itinerant Inquests
Time of Grace.--Its Efficiency
Buildings and Prisons 373
Personnel of the Tribunal
The Records.--Their Completeness and Importance
Familiars.--Question of Bearing Arms
Resources of the State at Command of Inquisitors
Episcopal Concurrence in Sentence
The Assembly of Experts
The Sermo or Auto de fé
Co-operation of Tribunals
Occasional Inquisitors-general

Chapter IX:The Inquisitorial Process.

Inquisitor both Judge and Confessor

Difficulty of Proving Heresy
The Inquisitorial Process universally Employed
Age of Responsibility.--Proceedings in Absentia.--The Dead
All Safeguards Withdrawn.--Secrecy of Procedure
Confession not Requisite for Conviction
Importance Attached to Confession
Interrogatory of the Accused
Resources for Extracting Confession.--Deceit
Irregular Tortures, Mental and Physical.--Delays
Formal Torture
Restricted by Clement V.
Rules for its Employment
Retraction of Confessions

Chapter X

Comparative Unimportance of Witnesses

Flimsiness of Evidence Admitted
The Crime Known as "Suspicion of Heresy"
Number of Witnesses.--No Restrictions as to Character or Age
Mortal Enmity the only Disability
Secrecy of Confessional Disregarded
Suppression of Names of Witnesses
Evidence sometimes Withheld
Frequency of False-witness.--Its Penalty

Chapter XI The Defence.

Opportunity of Defence Reduced to a Minimum

Denial of Counsel
Malice of Witnesses the only Defence
Prosecution of the Dead
Defence practically Impossible.--Appeals
Condemnation virtually Inevitable
Suspicion of Heresy.--Light, Vehement, and Violent
Purgation by Conjurators
Abjuration

Chapter XII he Sentence.

Penance not Punishment

Grades of Penance
Miscellaneous Penances
Flagellation
Pilgrimages
Crusades to Palestine
Wearing Crosses
Fines and Commutations
Unfulfilled Penance
Abuses.--Bribery and Extortion
Destruction of Houses
Arbitrary Penalties
Imprisonment
Troubles about the Expenses
Treatment of Prisoners
Comparative Frequency of Different Penalties
Modification of Sentences
Penitents never Pardoned, although Reprieved
Penalties of Descendants
Inquisitorial Excommunication

Chapter XIII Confiscation

Origin in the Roman Law

The Church Responsible for its Introduction
Varying Practice in Decreeing it
Degree of Criminality Entailing it
Question of the Dowers of Wives
The Church Shares the Spoils in Italy
In France they are Seized by the State
The Bishops Obtain a Share
Rapacity of Confiscation
Alienations and Obligations Void
Paralyzing Influence on Commercial Development
Expenses of Inquisition, how Defrayed
Persecution Dependent on Confiscation

Chapter XIV The Stake

Theoretical Irresponsibility of the Inquisition

The Church Coerces the Secular Power to Burn Heretics
Only Impenitent Heretics Burned
Relapse.--Hesitation as to its Penalty.--Burning Decided upon
Difficulty of Defining Relapse
Refusal to Submit to Penance
Probable Frequency of Burning
Details of Execution
Burning of Books
Influence of Inquisitorial Methods on the Church
Influence on Secular Jurisprudence

Next: Chapter I: The Church