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Studies on the legend of the Holy Grail
With Especial Reference To The Hypothesis Of Its Celtic Origin
By Alfred Nutt 1888
CHAPTER I.
Description of the leading forms of the Romance: Conte del Graal. Joseph d'Arimathie. Didot-Perceval. Queste del Saint Graal. Grand Saint Graal. Parzival. Perceval le Gallois. Mabinogi of Peredur. Sir Perceval. Din Crone. Information respecting date and authorship of these works in the MSS.
THE following are the forms in which the Legend of the Holy Grail has come down to us:
A. Le Conte del Graal, a poem of over 60,000 verses, the major part of which (45,379 verses) was printed for the first time by Potvin: Le Conte del Graal, six volumes, 8vo. (vols. ii.-vi. containing our poem), Mons, 1866-71, from a MS. preserved in the Mons Library. The portion of the poem which is not printed in full is summarised by Potvin in the sixth volume of his edition. The poem, so far as at present known, is the work of four men:
I. Chrestien de Troyes, who carried the work down to verse 10,601.
II. Gautier de Doulens, who continued it to verse 34,934.
III. Manessier, who finished it in 45,379 verses.
IV. Gerbert, to whom are due over 15,000 verses, mostly found interpolated between Gautier de Doulens and Manessier.
A MS. preserved in the Library of Montpellier differs in important respects from the Mons one as far as Gautier de Doulens and Manessier are concerned. It intercalates 228 verses between verses 20,294 and 20,296 of the Mons MS., and gives a different redaction of verses 34,996-35,128 in agreement with the aforesaid intercalation. It likewise mentions two visits of Gawain to the Grail Castle. The intercalation in Gautier may be called IIa, and the variant in Manessier Ilia.
B. Joseph d'Ariamathie, Merlin, exists in two forms:
(1) a fragmentary metrical version entitled in the sole existing
MS. (Bibliotheque Rationale, No. 20,047. Fonds St. Germain, No.
1,987) Li R(o)manz de Test (o)ire dou Graal, and consisting of
4,018 verses, 3,514 for the Joseph, the remainder, for about
one-fifth of the Merlin. First printed by Francisque Michel: Le
Roman du St. Graal. Bordeaux, 1841. Secondly by Furnivall: Seynt
Graal or the Sank Ryal. Printed for the Roxburghe Club, two
volumes, 4to., London, 1861-63, where it is found in an appendix
at the end of vol i. (2) A prose version of which several MSS.
exist, all of which are fully described by E. Hucher: Le
Saint-Graal, ou le Joseph d'Arimathie, three volumes, 12mo., Le
Mans, 1875-78, vol. i., pp. 1-28. The chief are: the Cange MS.
(circa 1250) of which Hucher prints the Joseph, vol. i.,pp.
209-276, and the Didot MS., written in 1301, of which Hucher
prints the Joseph, vol. i., pp. 277-333. Hucher likewise gives,
vol. i., pp. 335-365, variants from the Huth MS. (circa
1280).
These different versions may be numbered as follows:
B I. The metrical version, which I shall always quote as
Metr. Jos., from Furnivall's edition. B II. The prose versions: B Ha, Cange Jos.; B 116, Didot
Jos.; B He, Huth Jos., all quoted from Hucher, vol. i.
C. Perceval, prose romance found in the already mentioned Didot MS. at the end of the Merlin, printed by Hucher, vol. i., pp. 415-05, from which it will be quoted as Didot-Perceval.
D. Queste del Saint Graal, prose romance commonly found in the
MSS. in combination with Lancelot and the Mort Artur. Edited by
Furnivall: La Queste del St. Graal. Printed for the Roxburghe
Club, 4to., London, 1864. The introduction contains a full
account of the existing MSS. A different redaction from that of
any of the known French MSS. is preserved in a Welsh translation,
printed, with a modern English version by the editor, from a
fifteenth century Hengwrt MS., by the Rev. Robert Williams: Y
Seint Graal, London, 8vo., 1876. I shall quote
I. Queste, from Furnivall's edition.
II. Welsh Quest, from Williams' edition.
E. The so-called Grand Saint Graal, prose romance found in the MSS., both preceding the Merlin and the Queste, and preceding the Queste and the Mort Artur. Printed by Furnivall from Cambridge and Brit. Mus. MSS., together with a metrical English adaptation by Henry Lonelich, of about the time of Henry the Vlth, in the already-mentioned Seynt Graal; and by Hucher, vols. ii. and iii., from a Le Mans MS.; will be quoted as Grand St. Graal, from Furnivall's edition.
F. Parzival, by Wolfram von Eschenbach, German metrical romance, critically edited from the MSS. by Karl Lachmann, Wolfram von Eschenbach, Yierte Ausgabe, 8vo., Berlin, 1879, from which it will be quoted as Wolfram.
G. Perceval le Gallois, prose romance, first printed by Potvin, vol. i. of his Conte del Graal, from a Mons MS., with variants from a fragmentary Berne MS. (as to both of which see pp. 353, etc.). A Welsh translation, with modern English version by the editor, made from a MS. closely allied to the Berne fragments, and representing a superior text to that printed by Potvin, in Williams' already-mentioned Y Seint Graal.
Besides these works there exist two versions of the Perceval legend in which the Holy Grail, as such, does not appear. These are:
H. The Mabinogi of Peredur, the son of Evrawc, Welsh prose romance found in the Red Book of Hergest, a MS. of the end of the fourteenth century, and in MSS. a hundred years older. I shall quote it as Peredur, from Lady Guest's English translation of the Mabinogion, 8vo., London, 1877.
I. Sir Perceval of Galles, English metrical romance, printed for the first time from the Thornton MS., of circa 1440, by Halliwell: The Thornton Romances, printed for the Camden Society, small 4to., London, 1884; from which I shall quote it as Sir Perceval.
Finally there exists an independent German version of certain adventures, the hero of which in the Conte du Graal, in Wolfram, and in the Mabinogi, is Gawain. This is:
K. Heinrich von dem Tiirlin. Din Crone. Edited by G. H. F. Scholl. Bibliothek des Litterarischen Vereins, vol. xxvii., Stuttgart, 1852.
The positive information which the different MSS. of the above mentioned works afford respecting their authors, date of composition, sources, etc., is as follows: In the prologue to his poem, Chrestien (Potvin i., pp. 307-308) dedicates his work to "Li quens Felippes de Flandres," who as he states (verse 67), "bailla le livre," which served him as model, and whom he praises at great length as surpassing Alexander. We know that Count Philip of Flanders took the cross in 1188, set out for the Holy Land in 1190, and died on the 1st of June, 1191, before Akkon. As Chrestien says not a word about the crusading intentions of Philip, it may be inferred that he wrote his prologue before 1188, and began the poem in 1189 at the latest. Gautier de Doulens (probably of that ilk, in Picardy, some miles from Amiens) f has only left his name, verse 33,755, Gautiers de Dons qui 1'estore, etc. Manessier the next continuator has been more explicit; he describes himself as completing the work at the command of ...
Jehanne la Comtesse
Qu'est de Flandre dame et mestresse.
(Potvin, vi., p. 157.)
This Joan, daughter of Baldwin the Vlth, ruled Flanders alone during the imprisonment of her husband after the battle of Bou vines (1214-1227), and Manessier's words can only apply to her during this period, so that his continuation must have been written between 1214-1227. The third continuator, Gerbers, only mentions his name (Potvin, vi., p. 212).
The author of version B, names himself, B I, verse 3,461, Messires Roberz de Beron; verses 3,488-94 state that no mortal man had told the story, until he had it from
Mon seigneur Gautier en peis
Qui de Mont Belyal estoit.
Verse 3,155 gives the name somewhat differently, Meistres Robers dist de Bouron. The prose versions follow the poem with additions, thus Cange Jos. (p. 275); Messires Roberz de Borron lou restrait a mon seigneur Gautier, lou preu conte de Mobeliart.
Walter of Montbeliard, brother to Count Richard of Montbeliard, went to the Holy Land in 1199, became Constable of Jerusalem, Regent of Cyprus, and died in 1212. The date of his birth is uncertain, but as his elder brother died in 1237, Walter could hardly have been born before 1150. His father, Amadeus, died in 1183, in which year he received the countship of Montfaucon. It may only have been after he thus became independent that Robert entered his service. In any case Robert could not have spoken of him as "mon seigneur," before 1170. That year may, therefore, be taken as a terminus a quo, and the year 1212 as a terminus ad quern for dating these versions.
The Grand St. Graal is likewise ascribed in the MSS. to Robert de Borron, and it is further stated that he translated from Latin into French Et en si le temoigne me sires robiers de borron qui a translatee de latin en franchois cheste estoire (ii. p. 78).
The Queste ascribed in the MSS. to Walter Mapes, is said to have been compiled by him for the love of his lord, King Henry maistre Gautiers Map les extrait pour 1'amor del roy Henri son seignor, qui fist Festore translator du latin en francoisf Walter Mapes, born before 1143 (he presided at the assizes of Gloucester in 1173), died in 1210. If we may believe the MSS., the Queste would probably fall within the last twenty-five years of the twelfth century.
The author of Perceval le Gallois describes himself (Potvin, i., 348) as writing the book for the "Seignor de Neele," whose Christian name, "Johan," is given four lines lower down, at the command of the "Seingnor de Cambresis," i.e., the Bishop of Cambray. This John of Nesle is probably the one who in the year 1225 sold the lordship of Bruges to Countess Joan of Flanders.
Wolfram von Eschenbach, of that ilk, in North Bavaria, born in the last thirty years of the twelfth century, died about 1220. He knew Chrestien's poem well, and repeatedly refers to it, but with great contempt, as being the wrong version of the story, whereas he holds the true version from Kyot, the singer, a "Provenzal," who found the tale of Parzival written in heathen tongue at Dolet (Toledo), by Flegetanis, a heathen who first taught concerning the Grail, put it into French, and after searching the chronicles of Britain, France, and Ireland in vain, at length found information in the chronicles of Anjou (pp. 202 and 219).
Nothing is stated in the works themselves respecting the authors of the Mabinogi and the Thornton Sir Perceval.
Heinrich von dem Turlin frequently quotes Chrestien as his authority, e.g., verses 16,941, 23,046, 23,982.
If these various statements are to be accepted, it follows that in the course of fifty years (1170-1220) a great body of romance came into existence, partly in France, Chrestien, his continuators, and Robert de Borron; partly in England, Walter Mapes; and partly in Germany, Wolfram von Eschenbach, and Heinrich von dem Turlin. Of this body of romance only a portion has come down to us, the work of Kyot and the Latin originals of the Queste and the Grand St. Graal having disappeared. Furthermore, it is only possible to date with any accuracy three or four of the works, viz., Chrestien, Manessier, Wolfram (whose poem falls certainly within the first ten years of the thirteenth century) , though it may also be taken as certain that It. de Borron wrote after 1170, and the anonymous author of Perceval le Gallois before 1225. Of the dated works Chrestien's is the oldest, 1188-90, and it postulates the existence of previous versions.
The object of the present investigation being to determine, as far as possible, the age aud relationship to one another of the different versions which have come down to us, to exhibit the oldest form of the story as we have it, and to connect it with Celtic traditional belief and literature, it will be well, before proceeding to further discuss the various points left doubtful by the evidence gathered from the MSS., to give clear and detailed summaries of the most important versions.
