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QUESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY:
Can it be proved that the Lord’s Supper took the place of
the Old Testament passover? How? Is it permissible to cut the bread in squares before the
administration of the Lord’s Supper, and to use the individual cup? What does the term “real
presence” mean in connection with this sacrament? Does the Bible teach such a real presence?
If it does, does it favor the idea that the human nature of Christ is present in the state of
humiliation, or in that of glorification? What is meant by the Reformed doctrine of the spiritual
presence? Does the discourse of Jesus in John 6 really refer to the Lord’s Supper? How does
Rome defend the celebration of the Lord’s Supper under one species? How did the conception
of the Lord’s Supper as a sacrifice arise? What objections are there to this notion? Does “eating
the body” simply amount to believing in Christ? Is open communion defensible?
LITERATURE:
Bavinck, Geref. Dogm. IV, pp. 590-644; Kuyper, Dict. Dogm., De Sacramentis, pp.
158-238; Vos, Geref. Dogm. V. De Genademiddelen, pp. 134-190; Hodge, Syst. Theol. III, pp.
611-692; Dabney, Syst. and Polem. Theol., pp. 800-817; Bannerman, The Church of Christ, II, pp.
128-185; Cunningham, The Reformers and the Theology of the Reformation, pp. 212-291;
Valentine, Chr. Theol. II, pp. 335-361; Schmid, Doct. Theol. of the Ev. Luth. Ch., pp. 558-584;
Browne, Exposition of the Thirty-Nine Articles, pp. 683-757; Litton, Introd. to Dogm. Theol., pp.
464-532; Candlish, The Christian Salvation, pp. 179-204; Pieper, Christl. Dogm. III, pp. 340-458;
Pope, Chr. Theol. III, pp. 325-334; Wilmers, Handbook of the Chr. Rel., pp. 327-349; Moehler,
Symbolism, pp. 235-254; Schaff, Our Father’s Faith and Ours, pp. 322-353; Otten, Manual of the
Hist. of Dogma II, pp. 310-337; Hebert, The Lord’s Supper, (two vols.) cf. Index; Ebrard, Das
Dogma vom Heiligen Abendmahl, cf. Index; Calvin, Institutes, Bk. IV, chapters 17 and 18;
Wielenga, Ons Avondmaalsformulier; Lambert, The Sacraments in the New Testament, pp. 240-
422; MacLeod, The Ministry and Sacraments of the Church of Scotland, pp. 243-300.